Sample of Argument Essay Should Marijuana Be Legal

Sample of Argument Essay Should Marijuana Be LegalA sample of argument essay should marijuana be legal, because it is considered to be an argument. An argument in a true sense means 'foolish thinking', it is believed to be 'irrational, emotional and irrational.In this article, you will learn a couple of reasons why an argument is considered to be an argument. First, a sample of argument essay should marijuana be legal should a parent want their child to avoid drugs and alcohol. Second, it's considered an argument when a person writes an essay defending the legalization of drugs. However, in reality, this is considered to be an argument, which is what any debate has to be called.It is a common saying that marijuana is not a drug. What many people don't know is that it is more commonly considered to be a recreational drug. People argue that the drug is only slightly less dangerous than many pharmaceuticals and even alcohol. Some are willing to get as far as saying that marijuana is les s harmful than cigarettes and alcohol. Of course, that would mean having marijuana in bars and even the internet.It would be fair to say that marijuana is the second most popular recreational drug after alcohol. This is a clear indication that an argument needs to be written about it. There are arguments to be made for both sides. The argument is usually between two opinions, it could be one that supports the legalization of marijuana and another that says that it is illegal.What is considered by many to be a debate between a scientific and an anti-weed opinion is often misinterpreted as an argument. There is a difference between arguing against something and an argument. Some people confuse them because they think that arguing is the same as writing an essay, or writing an editorial.A sample of argument essay should marijuana be legal because you believe marijuana should be legalized is a valid argument. However, you shouldn't expect it to be convincing. You should also realize tha t most individuals who are willing to write a sample of argument will probably not agree with you on the subject.I would caution you to consider that there are people who would argue that marijuana is not a drug at all. You should also realize that marijuana is more popular than cigarettes. Marijuana is much more popular and much less harmful than alcohol. A sample of argument essay should marijuana be legal, because it is a legal issue.

What Is Inclusion Free Essays

What is inclusion ? Inclusive education is concerned with the education and accommodation of all children within the classroom, regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, or linguistic deficits. Inclusion should also include children from disadvantaged groups, of all races and cultures as well as the gifted and the disabled (UNESCO, 2003). Inclusion tries to reduce exclusion within the education system by tackling, responding to and meeting the different needs of all learners (Booth, 1996). We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Inclusion or any similar topic only for you Order Now It involves changing the education system so that it can accommodate the unique styles and way of learning of each learner and ensure that there is quality education for all through the use of proper resources, appropriate teaching strategies and partnerships within the community (UNESCO, 2003). Inclusion will not happen instantaneously but requires careful planning and thinking, positive attitudes and behaviour and utilising the necessary specialised support, accommodations and adaptations to ensure all children become part of the school (Burstein, Sears, Wilcoxen, Cabello Spagna, 2004), actively participate in the education system and later become fully contributing members of society (Department of Education, 2001). Inclusive education is about ensuring that schools can meet the needs of all learners. It is therefore the responsibility of an inclusive school to embrace the diversity and special needs of all its learners, (Flem, Moen Gudmundsdottir, 2004) identify and minimise the barriers to learning (Department of Education, 2001) and create a tolerant and respectful atmosphere in which people are valued and stigmatisation is minimised (Carrington Robinson, 2004). All children thus need to be given the support they need so they can achieve success, feel a sense of security and belong to a community (Iarskaia-Smirnova, Loshakova, 2004; Burke Sutherland, 2004). Inclusive education also recognises that learning occurs both at home and in the community and therefore the support of parents, family and the community is vital (Department of Education, 2001). Truly inclusive schools understand the uniqueness of every child, that all children can learn and that all children have different gifts, strengths learning styles and needs. These schools then provide the appropriate means and support through which these needs can be met (UNESO, 2003) The varying ability of children in the classroom means that in order for all to be educationally challenged, teachers should arrange activities and set learning intentions in certain ways to ensure the equal opportunities of learning for all children. By examining the work of theorists, such as Piaget (1961) and Vygotsky (1978), the importance of motivating all children by providing challenging tasks is extremely significant. Of course these tasks must be differentiated to account for the range of ability in classrooms and it is therefore vital for teachers to acknowledge the level of individual children, so that appropriate tasks can be set to fulfil certain goals and enhance learning It is important to remember that differentiation can also be present in gender, social class, ethnicity and religion. Teachers should provide all children with equal opportunities to their right to a fair education, building and developing the child’s individual needs. Planning should accommodate for the differences in ability and performance of all children, ‘including the more able and those with special educational needs’ (DFES, 2004,) Teachers should provide attention and individual support to all children and when they are busy with a ‘focus group’ they should return to any other children who had problems when they can (DfES, S3. 2. 4). This essay has shown how inclusive education is not a straight forward process that can be implemented overnight. Rather it requires a lot of planning, support, resources and reviewing. There is extensive research that South Africa can use to make inclusive education successful in South Africa. The major obstacle preventing the successful implementation of inclusion in South Africa is not our lack of resources but rather the teachers’ lack of knowledge about children with special needs and how to accommodate them in regular classes. On-going intensive training, professional development and support are therefore needed so that teachers’ attitudes can become positive and their willingness to promote inclusion can be maximised. Teachers thus need to change their mindset, become more willing to try new and different curricular strategies, engage in more joint planning and cooperative learning strategies and believe that all children can learn (Schmidt ; Harriman, 1998). This can only be done however if teachers are equipped with the necessary skills needed to include all learners. Inclusion can become a practical process in South Africa as long as we look at what has made it successful in other countries and build on from there. Reference List 1. Allan, J. (2003). Productive pedagogies and the challenge of inclusion. † In British Journal of Special Education 30 (4): 175 – 179. 1. Ainscow, M, Booth, t Dyson, A. (2004) â€Å"Understanding and developing inclusive practices in schools: a collaborative action research network. † In International Journal of Inclusive Education 8 (2): 125 – 139 1. Booth, T. (1996). â€Å"A Perspective on Inclusion from England. † In Cambridge Jou rnal of Education 26 (1): 87 – 100. 1. Burke, K Sutherland, C. (2004). â€Å"Attitudes toward Inclusion: Knowledge versus Experience. † In Education 125 (2): 163 – 172. . Burstein, N, Sears, S, Wilcoxen, A, Cabello, B, Spagna, M. (2004). â€Å"Moving Toward Inclusive Practices. † In Remedial Special Education 25 (2): 104 – 116. 1. Carrington, S Robinson, R. (2004). â€Å"A case study of inclusive school development: a journey of learning. † In International Journal of Inclusive Education 8 (2): 141 – 153 1. Cross, A. F, Traub, E. K, Hutter-Pishgahi, L Shelton, G. (2004). â€Å"Elements of Successful Inclusion for Children with Significant Disabilities. † In Topics in Early Childhood Special Education 24 (3): 169 – 183 1. De Lange, J. P. (1989). Politics and Education. Pretoria. South Africa. 1. Department of Education. (2001). Education White Paper 6 on Special Needs Education: Building an Inclusive Education and Training System. Received from the World Wide Web on 20th July 2005. Web Address: http://education. pwv. gov. za 1. Deppeler, J Harvey, D. (2004). â€Å"Validating the British Index for Inclusion for the Australian Context: Stage 1. † In International Journal of Inclusive Education 8 (2): 155 – 184 1. Flem, A, Moen, T Gudmundsdottir, S. (2004). Towards inclusive schooling: a study of inclusive education in practice. † In European Journal of Special Needs Education 19 (1): 85 – 97 1. Forlin, C. (2004). â€Å"Promoting Inclusivity in Western Australian Schools. † In International Journal of Inclusive Education 8 (2): 185 – 202 1. Hegarty, S. Educating Children and Young People with Disabilities: Principles and the Review of Practice. Received from the World Wide Web on 20th July 2005. Web Address: http://unesdoc. unesco. org/images/0009/000955/095511eo. pdf 1. Hunt, P. , Staub, D. , Alwell, M. ; Goetz, L. (1994). â€Å"Achievement by all students within the context of cooperative learning groups. † In Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 19, 290-301. 1. Iarskaia-Smirnova, E. R ; Loshakova, I. I. (2004). â€Å"Inclusive Education of Handicapped Children. † In Russian Education and Society 46 (2): 63 – 74 1. Jobe, D, Rust, J. O, ; Brissie, J. (1996). â€Å"Teacher attitudes toward inclusion of students with disabilities into regular classrooms. † In Education 117(1), 234-245. 1. Peck, C. A, Staub, D, Gallucci, C ; Schwartz, I. (2004). Parent Perception of the Impacts of Inclusion on their Nondisabled Child. † In Research Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities 29 (2): 135 – 143 1. Raschke, D Bronson, J. (1999). Creative Educators at Work: All Children Includ ing those with Disabilities Can Play Traditional Classroom Games. Received from the World Wide Web on 20th July 2005. Web Address: http://www. uni. edu/coe/inclusion/philosophy/benefits. html. 1. Schmidt, M. W Harriman, N. E. (1998). Teaching Strategies for Inclusive Classrooms. Harcourt Bruce College Publishers: New York. . Sharpe, M. , York, J, Knight, J (1994). â€Å"Effects of inclusion on the academic performance of classmates without disabilities. † In Remedial and Special Education, 15, 281-287. 1. Stroeve, W. (1998). One of the Kids: Educating children with and without disabilities together in the same classes and schools. Received from the World Wide Web on 20th July 2005. Web Address www. aare. edu. au/03pap/hea03769. pdf 1. Turner, N. D Traxler, M. (2000). Children’s Literature for the Primary Inclusive Classroom. Delmar Thompson Learning: Africa. 1. UNESCO. (2003). Overcoming Exclusion through Inclusive Approaches in Education: A Challenge a Vision – A Conceptual Paper. Received from the World Wide Web on 20th July 2005. Web Address: http://unesdoc. unesco. org/images/0013/001347/134785e. pdf 1. UNESCO. (1994). The Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action on Special Needs Education. Received from the World Wide Web on 20th July 2005. Web Address: http://www. unesco. org/education/information/nfsunesco/pdf/SALAMA_E. PDF 1. UNESCO. (2005). First Steps: Stories on Inclusion in Early Childhood Education. Received from the World Wide Web on 20th July 2005. Web Address: http://unesdoc. unesco. org/images/0011/001102/110238eo. pdf 1. UNESCO. (2001). Including the Excluded: Meeting Diversity in Education. Received from the World Wide Web on 20th July 2005. Web Address: http://dit-fs1. hq. int. unesco. org/ulis/docs/0012/001226/122613eo. pdf 1. Van Kraayenoord, C. (2003). â€Å"The Task of Professional Development. † In International Journal of Disability, Development and Education 50 (4): 363 – 365 1. Wong, A. I. P, Pearson, V Kuen Lo, E. M. (2004). â€Å"Competing philosophies in the classroom: a challenge to Hong Kong teachers. â€Å" How to cite What Is Inclusion, Essay examples

Canine Hip Dysplasia free essay sample

According to a study done in 2012 by the United States Humane Society (United States Humane Society), around 47% of households owned at least one dog. As we all know, there are many sicknesses and diseases that can hurt our beloved dogs, and one of the most well-known ailment is hip dysplasia. In short, hip dysplasia is an inherited disorder in which the dog’s hip joints are not formed properly. It is an ill-fitting joint. The joint is loose, causing the leg bone to move around too much. As a result, this causes excruciating wear and tear. Another term for hip dysplasia is osteoarthritis. A dog whose radiographs (x-rays) turn out to show that the dog has a loose hip joint is labeled as dysplastic. Bear in mind that any dog can inherit osteoarthritis, but it is most commonly seen in larger, heavier breeds. German shepherd dogs are renowned for the hip dysplasia that is tearing down the breed’s health. Saint Bernards, Labrador Retrievers, and Mastiffs are also famous for hips that wear out rather quickly. The more in-depth description of osteoarthritis is that the femur head and the acetabulum are not properly fitted together, causing inflammation and joint damage (Cornell Baker Institute). Already present in the joint is synovial fluid, but it is increased with the ill-fitted joint, and this causes the round ligament that binds the femur head and acetabulum together to become enlarged. As a consequence, the smooth, articular cartilage that covers the femoral head and the acetabulum becomes chafed and weakened, making the joint capsule inflamed and thickened (Cornell Baker Institute). Unfortunately, this allows for muscles in the region of the joint to shrink, and the bulk is lost. The longer this disease is left to spiral out of control, the easier it is for little spurs, called osteophytes, to develop at the bone-cartilage interface (Cornell Baker Institute). At this point, the joint’s entire structural frame has been weakened, causing a lot of pain and hardship for the dog. The actual point of the pain is that there is intense inflammation around the joint capsule, as well as the nerve endings being stretched in the initial first stages of the disease. Because this is such a prevalent disease in so many of our dogs, hip dysplasia is pretty high on the list for ailments veterinarian scientists are trying to cure, or at least manage. One of the organizations that is dedicated to helping this cause is the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals, or the OFFA. Because we have found no set cure, we have been forced to find other ways to make our pets’ lives easier. Currently, there are many different types of treatment for osteoarthritis. One of these is the treatment of management by using drugs (OFFA). It is usually one of the first steps taken in managing the symptoms of hip dysplasia. For instance, some people might use a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory pain reliever that can help ease a dog’s lameness. These kinds of drugs help by inhibiting prostaglandin release, which reduces the amount of pain a dog will experience in the affected joint (OFFA). However, drugs may not be able to manage a dog’s symptoms. If the osteo arthritis becomes too much of a problem and it disables the dog, surgical steps can be taken. If surgery seems like the only viable source of relief for the dog, the owner should first take into consideration the dog’s age. Sometimes dogs ten months and under suffer from subluxation hip dysplasia (a partial dislocation or misalignment) and a Triple Pelvic Osteotomy surgery can be performed (OFFA). This surgery helps to reestablish the joint’s stability and strength. It also helps to decrease the rate of biomechanical abnormalities before actual osteoarthritis occurs. The recovery time for a TPO surgery is around four to six weeks, and it has been reported that there is a high recovery rate. Most young dogs with simple subluxations – not full-blown osteoarthritis – were able to regain their joint movement and live healthy lives again. However, if the dog is over ten months old that already have been diagnosed with actual osteoarthritis and the disease can no longer be medically managed, the only real way to restore full health and movement back to the affected joint is to perform a full hip replacement. If the surgery is successful, the dog will no longer have the pain and inflammation tearing their joint down, and they would be able to live a happier and healthier life (OFFA). As many as 95% of dogs were turned to normal functioning. Unfortunately, many owners shy away from this surgical method because of its expense. A total hip replacement for a dog in the US is generally anywhere around $4,400 to $4,700 (Ohio State University Veterinarian Medical Center). For many people, this just simply isn’t in the budget, and they try to continue to manage the dog’s issues medically. However, it sometimes gets so bad that the owner must put the dog down to save them from their pain. While hip dysplasia can occur in a dog because of unsafe exercising in a puppy, many dogs could be spared from this disease if breeders only put more effort into eliminating the issue within their bloodlines. Osteoarthritis is predominantly a hereditary disease, and many larger breeds are plagued with it. Backyard breeders and puppy mills breed for cash profit and do not take into consideration the health of the dogs they are breeding. Because they are not out to better their breed, they do not take the necessary health precautions to ensure that future puppies will be free from hip dysplasia. To help eliminate these hereditary issues, there are registries that help keep breeders accountable and help them choose healthy stud dogs. One of the most well-known registries is the OFFA. The OFFA offers pre-screening to possible breeding dogs to determine whether or not they have hip dysplasia. If the breeder is a dedicated one who is trying to better their breed, then they will have their breeding dogs tested for hips, elbows, heart and eyes through the OFFA (OFFA). The OFFA grades these features on a scale of â€Å"Excellent,† â€Å"Good,† or â€Å"Poor.† Good breeders list their dogs as having, for example, excellent hips, poor elbows, good eyes, and excellent heart. Taking these steps could help to drastically reduce hereditary issues within our dogs. However, as long as there are breeders who breed only for profit, these issues will remain a huge threat. It is unfortunate that even though good breeders take all the necessary precautions to prevent hereditary hip dysplasia, it is still possible for a puppy to develop it on their own. This is due to unsafe exercising and poor diets. While it is possible for an adult dog to develop it, it is pretty common in puppies. This is because a puppy’s hip joints are not fully grown at its younger stages. By allowing a puppy with hips that are not fully grown to excessively run, jump, and slide around on slick surfaces, the owner puts them at risk for developing hip dysplasia (2ndChance). When getting a puppy, it is important to come up with a plan on how you will safely exercise them. By making sure they do not play on ice or slick wood floors, the owner helps prevent the hip joints from straining and being twisted the wrong way. By restricting how much your puppy runs and jumps, you prevent the hips from sliding out of place. It is also important for owners to regularly bring their pupp ies to a good veterinarian. Another huge factor that plays a role in the overall health in a puppy is their diet. By feeding a whole, natural balanced diet, you are preventing a lot of health issues and assuring that the proper nutrients are being spread throughout your puppy’s entire body (2ndChance). Should your dog be unlucky enough to experience osteoarthritis, it is important to know and understand the symptoms of the disease. It is equally important to know how to react when you come across symptoms as well. If a puppy is experiencing symptoms, they might be unusually quiet and good. Because of the pain they are in, they do not expel as much energy as a healthy puppy would. They also would have underdeveloped muscle mass and bony hindquarters (PetFinder). However, for adult dogs, it is important to know that they might not show any signs of discomfort until they are four to five years old. Some of the symptoms of hip dysplasia in adult dogs include â€Å"bunny-hopping.† This is when a dog is running or ascending up stairs and they use their back legs at the same time, making it look like they are hopping (PetFinder). The dog could also have a funny sitting position, called a side sit. A side sit is when one leg is out to the side, or both back legs are directly in fro nt of the dog when it is sitting. A swaying walk is also important to look for. If you notice your dog’s back end sways back and forth when it is walking, it is because of loose hip joints (PetFinder), which of course is a prominent sign of hip dysplasia. Dogs may also experience limping, an unusual laying position (where the dog lays on its stomach and the back legs are stretched out behind them,) or an overdeveloped chest due to the dog shifting its weight to the front of its body to lessen the stress on their back joints (PetFinder). Another obvious symptom would be when a dog does not jump. Dogs who would usually jump on guests when they came to the door don’t jump anymore. For dogs that enjoy sleeping on the couch, you might notice that they tend to pull their front end up onto the sofa instead of jumping on it like a healthy dog would. (PetFinder). If an owner suspects that their puppy or adult dog is suffering from hip dysplasia, the first thing they should do is get them to a veterinarian. The veterinarian will take x-rays of the dog’s hips and determine if it really is osteoarthritis (2ndChance). If x-rays come back positive for hip dysplasia, there are a number of different ways to help treat and manage it. The first and most important thing to consider is the amount of pain the dog is in. If the dog is in severe pain, it is important to start medications and physical therapies immediately to help reduce the pain and bring back quality of life. If the dog is seemingly in little pain, then it is ok to go a bit slower in the treatment and come up with a solid plan of action (2ndChance). In the end, osteoarthritis will always be something pet owners are going to have to watch out for. However, if a potential owner does their research and finds a good breeder who has taken the necessary precautions to insure good health in their puppies, and owners take good care of their puppies, hip dysplasia cases can be reduced dramatically. When pet owners become more aware of the diseases that can harm their animals, we will be able to almost eliminate some of the biggest problems in the dog world. Works Cited 2ndChance-When your Dog has Hip Dysplasia/CHD. www.2ndchance.info/hipdysplasiadog.htm. 2014, Dr. Ronald Hines/When your Dog has Hip Dysplasia. Cornell University, College of Veterinarian Medicine, Baker Institute for Animal Health. www.bakerinstitute.vet.cornell.edu Baker Institute/Animal Health/Canine Hip Dysplasia. 2007 at Cornell University and Baker Institute for Animal Health. The Ohio State Veterinary Medical Center. http://vet.osu.edu/vmc/faq-total-hip-replacement 2014, The Ohio State University, College of Veterinarian Medicine/Total Hip Replacement. The Ohio State Veterinary Medical Center/Hospital for Companion Animals. The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals, OFFA. www.offa.org/hd_treatment Orthopedic Foundation for Animals/Hip Dysplasia Treatment Options. 2010 Orthopedic Foundation for Animals. PetFinder, Canine Hip Dysplasia. https://www.petfinder.com/dogs/dog-health/dog-hip-dysplasia/ Sally Doyle/by PetFinder/Canine Hip Dysplasia. The United States Humane Society. The United States Humane Society/Pets by the Numbers. http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/pet_overpopulation/facts/pet_ownership_statistics.html. January 30th, 2014, The United States Humane Society/Pets by the Numbers.

Women Empowerment free essay sample

Curriculum and Gender Question : The Indian Experience, Saroj Pandey ( Senior lecturer, DTEE, NCERT, New Delhi) , Social Action, Vol. 46, Jan-Mar. 1996, p. p. 340-347 This article explores the development of the curriculum in formal educational organisations from the point of view of gender equality, tracing back the historical antecedents,. It comments on the pre-independence and post independence status of womens education. It discusses recommendations made by various committees formed for womens education after independence. While appreciating the absence of visible curriculum differentiation, it states that gender inequality still persists in a social form. The article emphasizes that there is a need for sincere and sustained efforts to improve status of women in India. Equality Mishra, Sweta , Women and 73 rd Constitutional Amendment Act: A Critical Appraisal , Social Action, Vol. 44, 16-30, (1997) This paper begins by briefing about the marginal position occupied by the indian woman in the society and also in the political process due to socio-economic constraints. We will write a custom essay sample on Women empowerment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It outlines the evolution of the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) against this backdtrop. It then gives a brief account of the position of women in the PRIs before the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act. Finally, it examines the probable role of women in the context of the 73 rd Amendment Act. It examines whether women will be able to exercise political power through this system, what hurdles are there on their way, and finally how they can overcome these? Mrs. Sweta Mishra is a Research Scholar, Department of Political Science, University of Delhi, Delhi. Gender equality through reservation in decision-making Bodies, By Shashi. S. Narayana. Social Action 1998, Pg 147 This article discusses the need for political empowerment of women through reservation in its decision making bodies like parliament, and state legislature in the same line as at ‘Panchayat’ (village) level in India. The current economic and socio-political maladies along with increasing violence against women and children are attributed to the failure of male oriented polity. Representation of women in higher bodies of political authority has been considered a prerequisite for the success of democracy at the grass-root level. However the need for accountability and sense of commitment on the part of the elected women representatives is stressed. This requires a higher degree of awareness among women regarding health, literacy, gender and other relevant social, economic and political issues. Law and Gender Inequality : The Politics of Womens Rights in India. , Flavia Agnes, Oxford University Press, 1999, This book explores the issue of gender and law reform with reference to the politics and history on India. It also explores the strategies, which could safeguard the of womens rights in a country like India, which has a typical social, cultural and political background. The book is divided in four parts. First part contains five chapters and speaks about Pre-colonial and colonial Legal Structures. Second part comprises of three chapters, and explores the post-independence developments. Third part of the book which consists of two chapters explains the Developments in the personal laws of non-muslim minorities. Fourt and last part of this book contains the analysis of the current trends of the debate on the Uniform Civil Code. Off the Beaten Track: Rethinking Gender Justice for Indian Women by Madhu Kishwar OUP, New Delhi: 1999 Madhu Kishwar is an influential participant in the womens rights and human rights movements since the 1970s and is the founding editor of Manushi a journal about women and society. This volume is a collection of some of Madhu Kishwars best and most controversial essays concerning topics central to womens issues in India today: the role of marriage payments and dowry, unwanted daughters, denial of inheritance and land rights to women, love, sex and marriage, sexual harassment, identities, beauty contests etc. Many of these offer a critical appraisal of Madhu Kishwars activism and engagement. The essays are an attempt to grapple with one of the most serious challenges to women in India: Why is it that inspite of all the high profile attention on womens issues many remain unresolved? Most of the work thus far has resulted only through symbolic actions such as passing of laws, which very often are inappropriate and not implemented. In most cases where laws are misused it contributes to increasing the vulnerability of womens lives. The volume also deals with Madhu Kishwars moving away of ism-driven politics and orthodox feminist thinking. The essays reject statist interventions in social reform and appeal to peoples consciences to bring about any meaningful changes in the position of women. Gender Justice and The Supreme Court by Indira Jaising in Supreme but not Infallible: Essays in Honour of the Supreme Court of India B. N. Kirpal, Ashok H. Desai, Gopal Subramaniam, Rajeev Dhavan and Raju Ramachandran (eds. ) OUP, New Delhi 2000 (pages 29, words 199). Indira Jaising is a Senior Advocate of the Supreme Court of India. She has been a fellow of the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies London and is Secretary of Lawyers Collective which deals with socio legal issues of public interest. This essay traces the evolution of gender justice in the Supreme. Before taking up judicial decisions concerning issues that involve womens rights, the author draws attention to the composition of the judiciary and its starkly unrepresentative character. Through an analysis of cases dealing with property rights to women to cases of violence against women, the essay addresses the problem of formal equality and the evolution of equality jurisp rudence in the Indian Supreme Court where sameness and similarity form the criteria for classification. One of the recent cases (Vishakha vs. State of Rajasthan) where the Supreme Court has considered provisions in CEDAW to address sexual harassment in the workplace is also discussed. While some recent decisions do indicate a positive step towards gender justice the unevenness in this development is attributed to a greater emphasis on criminal law as opposed to civil law, leading to a neglect of womens economic rights. Finally, the essay points to emerging issues concerning validity of personal laws, womens representation etc. which will engage the courts and it is felt that an increasing number of women in the judiciary will be able to perceive women as autonomous decision makers and active participants in public life. Identifying Gender Backward Districts using selected Indicators, Preet Rustagi, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. XXXV, No. 48, November 25 — December 1, 2000, pp. 4276-4286 The article identifies gender backward districts among fifteen major Indian States — Andhra Pradesh , Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal — based on 13 gender sensitive indicaters — such as demographic, educational, health related, socio-cultural and economic levels of development. The assesses the relative levels of backwardness or development, ranking based exercise on individual indicators. The study limits itself mostly on secondary data from 1991 census, 370 districts have been taken into consideration. The study indicates female to male ratio (FMR) as a demographic variable. Female literacy serves as basic indicator of educational status. The health related variable is mortality rate. The data source used for the study are : the census of India, 1991, mortality estimates from Rajan and Mohanchandran (1998) and UNFPAs calculated data on fertility and female age at marriage. The paper undertakes detailed state and district wise discussion on each of the selected indicators under separate heads. Through the study mekes no attampt to look at transition overtime and only focus on rural areas, however its significance lies on its methodology that reinforces two points — one disaggregated analysis and second significance of looking at different aspects of gender development. The findings of the study concludes that no state or district exhibits a uniform pattern of backwardness or development in terms of gender sensitive indicators. Gender gap in Literacy in Uttar Pradesh : Questions for Decentralised Educational Planning, Lori Mcdougall, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. XXXV, No. 19, May 6-12, 2000, pp. 1649 The paper on gender differences in literacy attainment in Uttar Pradesh, 1951-91 reveals significant regional variations in female achievement and the gender gap. A case study of changing spatial patterns in the literacy gender gap within Uttar Pradesh illustrates national statistics on regional gender and caste inequities. The paper raises questions for further study about the ability of decentralized planning to promote educational equality and its threats to community cohesion. The study is mainly based on female and male literacy rates as reported by government of India census data collected in 1971, 1981, and 1991. It analyses total female literacy rates per state and district, comprising both rural and urban. Uttar Pradesh has high female literacy and gender gap and is a big state of 140 million people. The study covers status of literacy in northern and eastern parts of the state and influence of religion, urbanization and income on literacy rate and emphasis of history, social relations and politics on the female literacy level and gender gap in state. The study illustrates female literacy rate in both national and state maps and comparative study in graphs. The study is supported by relevant statistics. Representation for women, should Feminists Support Quotas, Meena Dhanda, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. XXV, No. 33, August 12, 2000, pp. 2969-2976 The author in this paper a defence of gender quotas in legislative bodies and debates on potential political and socio-cultural consequences of the institution of a gender quotas in the Indian parliament by a constitutional amendment and provides justification for the use of a gender quota in legislative bodies. Author offers consequential argument in section I of the paper. In section II she emphasizes on concept of the public sphere and idea of acting in solidarity with women presupposed in the debate and in section III, she elaborates on her perspective on identitarian justification of gender quotas and compares her justification with support for gender quotas from the argument for ‘a politics of presence’ in section IV. In a concluding section of the paper she derives an answer to : Should feminists support the womens bill for an amendment to the Indian constitution that has provided 33% reservation for women in the Indian parliament and state legislature? Equality of Opportunities vs Equality of Results, Improving Womens Reservation Bill, Madhu Kishwar, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. XXXV, No. 47, November 18, 2000, pp. 4151-4156 In response to Meena Dhandas article, representation of women should Feminist support Quotas, the author expresses her view point on the same. She argues on the improvements she has proposed to the original Womens Reservation Bill and reasons out its shortcomings. She further refers to impact caste and gender has upon women politicians and their insensitivity to womens concerns. The author states the salient features of the Alternative Bill and presents its advantages. The article presents statistical data analyzing gender advantage in Lok Sabha elections since 1952 and statistic on comparative performance of men and women candidates of recognized parties in Lok Sabha elections. Chatterji, Angana , Women in Search of Human Equality , Social Action, Vol. 40, 46-56, (1990) This paper attempts to situate women in the present context of national development, to assess their condition since the changes in their status and study the link between economic progress and the class to which the woman belongs , for studies have indicated that there is a close connection between the two. In order to analyse it, the paper first identifies the problems in the path of womens equality. After an overview of awareness of their situation among various classes of women, the paper ends with a view of the future and the possible solutions. Angana Chatterji is Research Assistant in the Department of Research, Indian Social Institute, New Delhi. Sarkar, Lotika, National Specialised Agencies and womens equality , Law Commission of India (CWDS), 1998 The report examines the role of the Law Commission of India (LCI), assesses its contribution to womens equality and identifies ways of improving that contribution. Specialised agencies like the LCI were recommended by the UN Commission on the Status of Women to play a multiple role in eliminating womens inequality. The first chapter of the book deals with the genesis of the LCI and the second chapter with its composition, status and functioning. The report, cextly deals with women specifi creports of the LCI which includes topics like, married wimens property, mrape,etc. the latter part of the same chapter deals with family law related topics like Gindu Marriage Act. Finally , the report concludes with catious recommendations like as per Indian laws a mother is continued to be treated as comng onl after the father as a natural grardian of a minor child is against the recommendations of the UN Commission on Feminist Theory The History of Doing, An illustrated Account of Movements for Womens Rights and Feminism in India, 1800-1990, Radha Kumar, pp. 197. The book is about the use of feminist movement in India. It notes the historical context of the movement and gives an account on the struggle of the radical thickness and social reformist, who first raised issues of womens fundamental rights. It gives an account of womens participation in freedom struggle and the emergence of the feminist movement as a process. The book reviews contemporary feminist movement and analysis the issues caused on dowry deaths, rape case and practice of sati. It present selective survey of major campaigns, organizations and figures defining issues that were raised and fright, photographs, old and new documents, excepts from letters, books and informal writings, case history of social activist makes good an interesting reading. It is a brief , interpretative account on history of womens movement in India, both pre and post independence period. Gender and Politics in India Edited by Nivedita Menon, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1999. This volume presents an overview of feminist theory and politics in India. The introductory chapter provides an outline of the issues involved and the importance in explaining the politics of gender in India. The essays focus on different aspects of feminism in India, and debates on various issues like environment and gender, the impact of technological change on women work force, interpreting constitutional guarantee of ‘right’ to equality with gender perspective; different womens movement and the challenges encountered; and sexuality and gender. The section on environment and gender discusses Vandana Shivas concept of ‘Eco-feminism’. The ‘work’ section highlights structural adjustment and its impact on women, whereas the ‘law’ section suggests ‘reconceptualization’ of equality in view of womens subordination. The problem of a contemporary theory of ‘gender’ in the perspective of present socio-cultural change in Indian society has been highlighted. Girl child Girl Child in Indian Society Mita Bhadra (ed. ) Rawat Publications New Delhi: 1999 (words 200) Mita Bhadra is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling. Her area of research includes industrial sociology, gender studies and social change. The main focus of this collection of seven articles by a variety of authors is on the prevailing inequalities, discrimination against the girl child and her gender marginalisation. It presents information on the social status of the girl child in India including child labour and child prostitution. The volume also discusses the various laws enacted to secure the rights of the girl child in India. The first article deals with declining sex ratio, under nourishment, child marriage, female foeticide and the SAARC Plan of Action and the Government of Indias initiative to improve the status of girl children. The second paper deals with gender stereo-typing, prejudices, girl child abuses etc. The third and fourth papers deal with the exploration of situations under which the girl child is living. The fifth article touches upon issues of child marriage, which is rooted in traditionality and illiteracy, and its impacts. The sixth article focuses on child labour as and its impact on health. The seventh paper deals with various laws with reference to child prostitution as well as the living conditions of victims of such exploitation. The volume promises to be valuable to social researchers as well as for planners and policy makers. Kanya: Exploitation of Little Angels by Dr. (Mrs) V. Mohini Giri, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi: 1999 Dr. (Mrs) V. Mohini Giri is former Chairperson of the National Commission for Women and has been spearheading the cause of sex workers and other marginalised sections groups among women. This volume on children prostitution deals with almost all relevant issues from prevention of child prostitution, to rescue and rehabilitation, awareness and social mobilisation, health care, housing and civic amenities, economic empowerment, legal reform, law enforcement trafficking and other human rights issues. The volume also informs of relevant national and international legal provisions including the 1949 Convention on the Suppression of Traffic in Persons and the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others (Trafficking Convention) and CEDAW for the protection of the girl child from prostitution. It provides valuable insights into the system of exploitation as most of the instances cited are from Dr. Giris experience in the course of her work in the field of womens human rights. The volume also makes valuable recommendations for improving the condition of child prostitutes, many of whom come from the most disadvantaged sections of Indian society. The recommendations lay great emphasis on the active involvement of civil society groups and local level administrative authorities as it recognises the import of public support for the effective implementation of any such social legislation. Sreenath Lalitha, Victimisation of girl- child in the home , Journal of the Indian Law Institute, Vol. 38, pg-101-107, 1996 This article is a case comment on the case of Biswanath Das Vs Maya Das, which acquires significance as it highlights the deficiencies and inadequacies that exist in the present legal system, statutory laws, judiciary and Bar- and the Society. The Indian society is still plagued by victimisation of girl child through performance of child marriage despite the forthcoming Beijing Summit focussing on womens right and the affirmation in the UN Declaration of 1989 to which India is a signatory. There is an urgent need for law reform to protect the status and rights of child brides in India. The author points out that the male-chauvinist traditions of patriarchal societies still hold sway over the minds of the judges in courts. Bhadra Mita, Girl Child in Indian Society , Rawat Publications,1999 This volume aims at analysing the situation under which Indian girl children are living and identifying the sexual inequalities within the household and society at large. Emphasis is given to the girl child who should be given her rightful share of human dignity and opportunity- a concept which has found and appropriate place in the Plan of Action for implementing the World Declaration on Survival Protection and Development of Children in 1990s . The papers that have been compiled in this volume , range from those analysing the status of girl child in India to her socialisation process, gender stereotyping, discrimination changing age at marriage, girl child labour , child prostitution, and ameliorative legislations for her status enhancement in family, society and changing trends in these areas. Kishwar Madhu , Where Daughters are Unwanted , Manushi, no-86, Jan-Feb,1995, pg-15-22 The article emphasises the magnitude of the problem of sex determination tests (SDT) in India which has resulted in sex selective abortions of thousands of female foetuses . The state of Maharashtra passed the Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse ) Act of 1988 to ban SDT. But inspite of stringent provisions , due to lack of proper implementation, this law has failed to curb the problem. There are many advocates of SDT, and they believe it will help control the population growth. Scarcity of women does not imply that their life will get better- it is a myth. The author decries the fact that often women themselves prefer a male child as shown from various studies due to social conditioning. The real solution lies in making families realise the value of their daughters, otherwise these SDT will never end. Health and Well Being Na Shariram Nadhi, My Body is Mine, by Sabala and Kranti, edited by Mira Sadgopal, 2 nd Edition 1996. The writers of the book have documented a process of self realization through self-examination of ones body. It potrays a process of self-help training experience in womens health and deals with issues that adversely affect womens health such as class caste and gender oppression in family and society, medicalisation of health, coercive and women targeting policies of the government and social stereo typing. It compiles the experience of eighteen women, in a ten months (Between February 1993 and November 1994) training on self-Help Training in Womens Health based in Hyderabad. The book contents issues related to gender sensitization and health politics of health and population, body politics and beyond fertility awareness and sexuality, gyn-ecological disorders and healing child-bearing support, the Experience documented here are those of dalit, tribal and otherwise marginalized women made out of deliberate choice. Each chapter in the book gives objectives and the mythology used in the training. It also records the successes and failures of the training processes, yet is a friendly and practical guide for seeking alternatives. The form of the book is simple and illustrative. The illustrations in book reflects the experience and insight of the participants. Mental health from a gender perspective, Edited by Bhargavi. V. Davar, New Delhi, Sage pub, 2001, pp. 427. This book is the compilation of a number of papers presented at a seminar on gender and mental health in 1995, and is an effort to understand the politics of the mental health discoursed from a gender perspective. The book is divided into four parts: part 1 reviews the issues involving women and mental health in India- clinical psychology; the social and cultural ambience; the contributions and the limitations of the interested parties. Part 2 deals with mental health issues related to body, reproduction and sexuality. Part 3 covers sexual violence, child abuse and mental health whereas the part four deals with inter-phase between gender and social institutions like hospital, court and media. Labour and Employment Women and Sexual Exploitation: Harassment at Work by Rehana Sikri, Kanishka Publishers, New Delhi: 1999 (149 words) The work, taking cognisance of the increasing number of women in the total workforce of countries of the world and the consequent emerging patterns of social interaction views the work place as a new domain of conflict in the running battle of the sexes. As the work presents a comprehensive profile of the working force in India drawing upon data from decennial Censuses, National Sample Surveys and small scale socio-economic surveys, it includes womens occupational profile as well as the social mores and family values that determine behavioral patterns specifically in the workplace. These survey results are analyzed for a further interpretation of the components of sexual harassment and male-female relationship in the workplace. Working womens search for identity is also addressed in the context of the traditional pattern of gender and sexual exploitation. The book brings out the distinctive and alarming aspects of gender confrontation and its sociological significance. Kishwar, Madhu, Sex Harassment and Slander as weapons of subjugation , Manushi, no. 62, jan-feb-92, pg-2-15 In this paper the author focuses on the more insidious and routine forms of sexual harassment women have to deal with when they step into the world to earn a livelihood or take part in social, political and educational activities. The segment of society chosen is university students and teachers from middle class. Real life experiences have been recounted which show how men use aggressive sexual encounters to maintain dominance and control and how and why women are forced to suffer such behaviour . Steps towards protecting women from sexual harassment are suggested, to bring a meaningful change in womens currently powerless and vulnerable position. Also, sexual slander is used as a weapon to keep women in a perpetual state of fear, the fear of losing izzat (honour) in a way that can affect a womans very chance of survival and result in loss of family, job and being a social outcaste. Exploitation of Domestic Women Workers : Case Studies from Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu, Social Action, Vol. 43, April-June 1993, p. p. 235-241 This paper is an offshoot of a study conducted on the problems of women in the unorganised domestic sectors in the states of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu The purpose of the study is to portray the exploitation of domestic women workers. It emphasizes that the structure of the family affects exploitation directly as well as indirectly while stay with the employer results in direct exploitation. It suggests that economic support and skill training to the women of the non-familial structure, may enable them to be independent and self reliant. Women Making a Meaningful Choice — Technology and New Economic Order,Nirmala Banerjee Swasti Mitter, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. XXXIII, No. 51, December 19, 1998, pp. 3247-3256 The paper address two contemporary issues, one related to Indian working womens response to technological changes and globalisation; and second relates to the impact of these changes on womens work in India. The reference used in the article published secondary material and documents of the grassroots experiences of NGOs that are currently engaged in women workers in the formal and informal sectors. The documented material is of the selected NGOs from eight Asian countries between 1994 and 1996 that United Nations University Institute for New Technologies (UNU / INTECH, Maastricht, the Netherlands) had commissioned. The paper focuses exclusively on India with emphasis on demands, concerns and aspirations of Indian working women with respect to technological changes as reflected in those commissioned reports. The study examines women of diverse background and their co-relation with changing technologies in the past and present, in different regions and industries of the country. The paper further analyses the position of Indian Womens movement in context with womens traditional role in the society. Employment of Women and reproductive hazards in Work Places , By Neeru Sehgal, research scholar( Delhi university), in Journal India Law Institute, Vol. 29, (1987), pp. 201-215. Treatise examines exposure hazards of toxic substances on fertile, pregnant mothers, discriminatory, exclusionary practices against women by employers to avoid legal, moral accountability. Probes instances of transfers to low paid jobs, self inflicted sterilization, law amendments introduced in U. S, disparate treatment on women, safety measures, foetal protection, medical screening. It cites instances and court judgments. It examines Indian perspective of the problem in developing countries and also examines Indian factories act in disallowing women from doing hazardous jobs, timings prescribed for women, hazards in industries of tobacco, cotton, agro based etc. Probes studies of India council of medical research on expectant women exposed to toxic substances in worlds worst industrial disaster Bhopal gas tragedy involving a multinational. Examines employers responsibilities, government role, duty to protect the interests of women under article 39(e) of the Indian constitution, need to have regulatory framework for multinationals seeking to operate industries in India. Marginalisation of Women Widows in India: Social Neglect and Public Action by Martha Alter Chen (ed. ) Sage Publications, New Delhi: 1998 Martha Alter Chen is Development Advisor, Harvard Institute for International Development and Lecturer, Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University in the USA. A specialist on gender and poverty, she has worked on South Asia and is author of A Quiet Revolution: Women in Transition in Rural Bangladesh and Coping with Seasonality and Drought. This volume aimed at a better understanding of the status and condition of widows as a marginalised group of Indian society is a result a workshop and a conference at Bangalore in 1994. The first was an informal gathering of 25 widows and 10 activists while the conference included 65 activists, scholars and policy makers who had experience on issues relating to widows. After these events, a network of widows and activists was established and a two year action plan launched in six states to ensure rights and dignity to widows. The papers in this volume, most of which were presented at the conference are grouped into six broad sections. Three papers explore the ideological construction of widowhood in India including patriarchal constructs, the practice of levirate and property rights under customary and modern statutory law. Two papers deal with the demographics of widowhood with reference to mortality and aging. The other four themes include property rights, social security, employment and social identity based on case studies of actual practice and individual histories. The author also provides a framework for analysis of widowhood in India, which includes concepts such as Patrilocality, Patrilineal Inheritence, Remarriage Practices, Employment Restrictions, Maintenance and Social Isolation. Marriage and Family life Enslaved Daughters, Sudhir Chandra, Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1998; This monograph discusses the Rakhamabais case, the first case filed in 1884 for restitution of conjugal rights and in detail. It also discusses the repercussions of the case on the society. Rakhamabai wedded Dadaji at an age at which she was incapable to give a wise consent. She refused to be obligated to a marriage solemnized when she was only eleven. During the eleven years of their unconsummated marriage she had grown to develop a strong dislike and argued that she was not bound to go to Dadaji. Dadaji moved the Bombay High court for the restitution of his conjugal rights, which resulted in strengthening her determination to resist the autocracy of indigenous social authority and colonial legal dispensation. Status of Women and Social change, By B. Sivaramayya in Journal of Indian law institute, Vol. 25, 1983, pp. 270. The author looks at ancient shastric Hindu law in matters of rights of women; sati practices, the involvement of the British in enacting laws to protect womens social status. It examines views, interpretations of courts, legislature in matters of bigamy, conjugal rights, inheritance, divorce, maintenance under Hindu marriage act and Muslim personal laws. It also looks at the Muslim community views. It examines the provisions of criminal procedure code and the Indian penal code in relation to above topics. This article cites instances, circumstances of litigation and court interpretations and views. In this article an attempt is made by the author to critically examine the social status of women by way of legislation, judicial interpretations and processes. Chowdhary Prem , Widow Remarriage in Haryana , Manushi, no. 82, May-June 1994, pg-12-18 The article explores the apparently progressive practice of widow remarriage in the state of Haryana in India which has several possible repressive aspec

A Comparison of Psychoanalysis and Neoanalysis Essays - Free Essays

A Comparison of Psychoanalysis and Neoanalysis Essays - Free Essays A Comparison of Psychoanalysis and Neoanalysis Hilary Hines March 28 2015 Dr. Kim Vaughan PSYCH 6113: Theories of Personality Yorkville University INTRODUCTION Among a collection of innovative ideas from 1895 to 1905, Sigmund Freud created a new way of thinking about and perceiving behavior; He called it Psychoanalysis' (Mitchell, 1995). Freud was a trained physician, a biologist and a fan of Charles Darwin. His studies of human thought and behavior were inspired by a personal and societal interest in personality and behavior, followed by innovative theories of the unconscious effects on behavior (Friedman Schustack, 2011). Following the emergence of Freud's Theory of Psychoanalysis, there were a substantial amount of intellects that were intrigued by his work and supported him. His followers agreed that early childhood experiences affect personality development and that resolving psychological conflicts influences personality development. Freudian Theory is the most cited work in psychology as well as other humanities to this day (Friedman Schustack, 2011). In his time, he influenced many behaviorists and physicians to follow in his footsteps and was the key contributor to theories of personality and behavior around the world. Carl Jung's work with word-association in the early 1900's supported Freud's theory of repression. Freud was very excited to find evidence that proved his theory and wanted Jung to be his prodigy; he saw him to be an "able helper." Jung was reluctant to work with Freud from their initial contact based on fundamental differences in belief regarding religion and in the nature of his work being based upon primarily sexual notions (such as incestuous explanations of infantile behavior, etc.). Their ambivalent relationship ended less than 10 years after it began (Vernon, 2011). The separation of Freud and Jung eventually lead to the creation of neoanalysis and many other aspects of studying personality and behavior, what Jung believed to be an improved version of psychoanalysis. Jung attempted to correct the shortcomings of Freud by maintaining focus on Like psychoanalysis, Jung expands on the unconscious and its effect on interpersonal conflicts in personality development. In "neoanalysis", there is a lot less emphasis on the sexual motivations proposed by Freud (1910). His theory described general psychic energy (as opposed to sexual energy) and that interpersonal conflicts affect personality development that continues across lifespan (Friedman Schustack, 2011). Psychoanalysis and neo-analysis agree on many fundamental levels in that internal and external conflicts within influence development and behavior. They differ in ways that protrude personal differences between Freud and Jung and accusations of forsaking moral duties to the field of psychology Despite the criticism of Freud, the underlying foundation of his work is crucial and ought to be highly considered when attempting to gain a fair understanding personality and behavior. Freud's theory of psychosexual development using psychoanalysis is commonly dismissed and oversimplified in terms of comparison to Jung's theory of neoanalysis. Freud was secular and by no means a moralist in terms of area of study and practice. He did not allow supernatural ideas or societal rules prohibit his intuition; He was qualified, devoted and reasonable despite his conclusions being unable to account for experiences after adolescents and their contribution to personality development. Freud is often criticized to the point that popular opinion strives to disproof his fundamental ideas. His theories underlie most psychological discoveries and well as contribute to other major studies of humanity (Friedman Schustack, 2011). Although Freud's psychoanalytical theories have undergone much scrutiny, their foundations were crucial in the development of neo-analysis and the hundreds of other theories and many perspectives that followed in his footsteps (including Jung, Eric Erikson, etc.), which I will discuss by comparing the two. PSYCHOANALYSIS Freudian studies began in the 1890's on the unconscious, therapeutic techniques for treating the mind as well as the structure of the mind. Freud was provoked by religious and social status preventing the relief of his sexual urges; being unable to marry his wife, the first four years of their relationship was without sexual relations prohibited by their inability to become wed. Childhood memories of seeing his young mother naked and confusion caused by his half-brothers flirting with his her provoked Freud to come up with theories of sexual motivations. He believed that psychosexual development began at infancy and that the unconsciousness was the root of

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Journal - Essay Example Economically, business organizations are embracing social media for their growth and survival. From marketing their products or services to interacting with their potential employees virtually, producers and employers respectively are saving on time and costs favoring profit making. Skilled labor for the companies behind the social tools creates employment for many where they are based. In addition, social media is enlightening people from different cultural backgrounds on the various beliefs thus contributing to world peace because of mutual understanding amongst individuals. Interracial relationships are proof of the understanding. On the other hand, there is a spur of criminal acts because a persons’ location is both voluntary and involuntary exposed to the public. This makes it easier for a criminal to track down their victim without going through trouble especially if both are within the same locus. Person to person social interaction is disintegrating because virtual interaction seems easier. Consequentially, this has diminished hospitality and courtesy while promoting cyber bullying. The latter and over exposure to the devices in use to access social media has brought about psychological and physical health issues, which are affecting thousands the users by the day. This in turn counteracts the output of the individuals to an economy leading to decreased productivity of the economy in the long

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Management Practice - Coursework Example Gaurav Agrawal is having a master's degree in Microbiology and also he is Master of Business Administration (MBA) in Operation Management. General Manager joined this company when the economic condition of the company was not good. And the business is limited to United States only. Soon after joining General Manager called a meeting of its staff members and asked them to participate in suggestion schemes. These suggestion schemes are open to each & every employee of the organization. In the suggestion scheme, employees are invited to give their suggestion for improving the working condition of the organization. The employee who has given the best suggestion was rewarded by General Manager. These suggestion schemes are very helpful in improving the working environment of the organization. With the improvement with the suggestion scheme General Manager got the confidence of the staff members. Implementation of suggestion also helped in motivation of the employee in the organization. As the employees get motivated there is a sudden increase in the production yield. Also due to the motivation, all the production processes are completed in time. General Manager shares all the information to his staff members and also involves them in making a decision on a particul ar Project. If we see our future as a General Manager of the same organization then we need to understand & learn about the management skills from the existing General Manager. We need to know the "How General Manager is able to manage different kinds of situations". These all information can be found by discussing the different situations at different time interval with General Manager. Interview is the most common method for getting the information about a general manager. Interviewing General Manager: While interviewing General Manager it is necessary to draft the questionnaire before interview. The questionnaire helps you to ask the relevant question only. It helps in asking all the questions, so that no question will be left. The question should be prepared in such way, so that more & important information can be gathered. In the above case our objective is to get the following information related to General Manager: Personality and the manager's core values. Philosophy about work and management Leadership and mentoring of people Organizational Goals and objectives Social responsibility and company culture Discrimination, Sexual Harassment and Diversity IT, Internet, and Globalization. 1) Questions Related to Manager's Personality and Core Value: ME: Sir, Please let me know about your background. What did you do before Erth Ophthalmic Inc. GM: I have been at Erth Ophthalmic Inc. from last 14 years. Before this I was the Assistant General Manager for Sema Technology Inc. in New York. I was responsible for expanding its business in other countries, looking after working environment of the company, sales, marketing and services. Prior to that I was the Quality Manager for Sai Visison Care Inc. and looked after all the quality issues and customer satisfaction. ME: Sir, Please let me know about main vision associated with the organization. GM: The Company needs to focus on their employee satisfaction and the customer satisfaction. These are two major areas which are of major concern in an organization. Employee's satisfaction increases productivity and therefore makes a direct impact on customer satisfac